Over 18,000 SIVs approved for Afghan allies last year: US State Department

The spokesperson for the US State Department told media outlets that last year the US government approved more than 18,000 Special Immigrant Visas (SIVs) for Afghans who worked with the US.

He said that this figure represents the highest number of SIVs issued in a year.

The spokesperson for the State Department once again asked the US Congress to approve the residency plan for Afghans who worked with the United States in that country.

CNN reported earlier this month, that nearly 80,000 former local employees of the United States in Afghanistan, eligible for Special Immigrant Visas, are awaiting evacuation in Afghanistan and neighboring countries.

Among these individuals, tens of thousands have recently initiated the process of requesting their visas, as highlighted in the CNN report.

As of the eighth month of the year, only 10,800 applicants for Special Immigrant Visas have received leadership approval for evacuation, while the cases of 67,000 others are still pending approval, according to CNN’s Wednesday report.

Additionally, tens of thousands of former American colleagues and employees in Afghanistan have begun the visa request process, amplifying the urgency of the situation following the Taliban’s takeover.

One Afghan engineer, who worked with Americans, shared his experience of fleeing to Pakistan with his family after the fall of Afghanistan, waiting for over a year for approval of their Special Immigrant Visa application, citing the slow and time-consuming process.

He outlined the six essential documents required for the application, emphasizing the increasing delay in visa approval, which now exceeds a year compared to the earlier three-month timeline.

Over 18,000 SIVs approved for Afghan allies last year: US State Department
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Xiaoyong: Beijing Ready to Enhance Engagement with Afghanistan

Meanwhile, the Islamic Emirate’s spokesman, Zabihullah Mujahid, said China is a friendly country.

China’s special envoy for Afghanistan, Yue Xiaoyong, said that Beijing is ready to further work with the UN and regional partners to enhance engagement with Afghanistan.

Xiaoyong said on X that China in the Doha meeting called for more humanitarian assistance, moderate governance, women and girls’ education, and that the US take major responsibility for Afghanistan’s reconstruction, release Afghan overseas assets, and lift unilateral sanctions.

“China stressed that we are ready to further & harder work with UN & regional partners especially Afghanistan Neighboring Countries FM Meeting and other platforms to enhance engagement with Afghanistan to help for its peace, stability, reconstruction and common prosperity,” Yue Xiaoyong said.

“Talking about the Doha meeting’s failure either means that this meeting was not properly understood, or it means the use of the vacuum of legal government to swallow Afghanistan,” said Sayed Javad Sajadi, a political analyst.

The US Special Envoy for Afghan Women, Girls, and Human Rights, Rina Amiri, regarding the Doha meeting on Afghanistan, said: “The meeting reinforced that the international community remains largely united and committed to supporting the Afghan people and their struggle for economic stability, security and respect for their rights, particularly addressing the plight of Afghan women and girls.”

“Afghan civil society representatives remained unified in their calls on the int. community to factor in the dire situation of Afghan women when assessing the security situation in Afghanistan and the importance of including Afghan women and civil society in deliberations on Afghanistan,” she wrote on X.

Meanwhile, the Islamic Emirate’s spokesman, Zabihullah Mujahid, said China is a friendly country and that the current Afghan government wants good relations with all countries.

“China and Afghanistan have good diplomatic, commercial, and economic relations. We still seek good ties with other nations, and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan has fulfilled its obligations and taken the required steps in support of the country’s national interests in this respect, Mujahid told TOLOnews.

The Chinese special envoy for Afghanistan, Yue Xiaoyong, also said that at the Doha meeting on Afghanistan, the UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres covered the areas of concern, including that Afghanistan does not become a ‘hotbed’ of terrorist activity.

However, the Islamic Emirate has consistently said that Afghanistan is free of terrorist groups.

Xiaoyong: Beijing Ready to Enhance Engagement with Afghanistan
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US calls on UN for Roadmap to fully integrate Afghanistan into International System

The US representative for Afghanistan states that his country welcomes the continuation of the Doha meetings regarding Afghanistan, calling for UN leadership to develop a roadmap for Afghanistan’s full integration into the international system.

Thomas West says that the welfare of Afghans and the common interests of the global community will guide this effort.

Thomas West, the US representative for Afghanistan, wrote on his social media platform X, on Friday, February 23, that there is a strong consensus regarding collective interests in Afghanistan.

“On the next steps, the U.S. welcomes the continuation of this format as well as calls for a UN-led process to develop a roadmap for Afghanistan’s full integration into the international system. The Afghan people’s well-being, and the international community’s shared interests, must guide this work,” West said.

He also added “No country wants to see the emergence of a terrorism threat from Afghanistan. All want to see women and girls return to secondary school, university, work, and public life.”

West also mentioned the international commitment to help the Afghan people, pointing out that humanitarian aid was provided to over 26 million Afghans last year. However, he raised concerns about the sustainability of this aid and emphasized the importance of an approach that empowers Afghans economically.

He also said “Many countries acknowledged the Taliban’s implementation of a poppy ban that UNODC assesses brought cultivation down 95%.  We reviewed international support for farmers seeking alternative crops and addicts in recovery – more coordination needed.”

Furthermore, West appreciated the participation of Afghan civil society members, both from within and outside the country, and discussed economic and basic needs, respecting human rights, and the importance of continued engagement with Afghans, including the Taliban.

The second Doha meeting on Afghanistan, hosted by Antonio Guterres, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, was held on the 18th and 19th of February.

The UN Secretary-General, after this meeting, said in a press briefing that the situation of women in Afghanistan has worsened, the issue of combating terrorism havens remains unresolved, and an inclusive government has not been formed.

US calls on UN for Roadmap to fully integrate Afghanistan into International System
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Execution of Two People in Ghazni Sparks Intl Reactions

The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) on X said that the United Nations is against executions.

The execution of two people in Ghazni on Thursday sparked reactions from international institutions.

UNAMA said on X: “Two people were publicly executed today by Afghanistan’s de facto authorities in Ghazni province. The UN is strongly opposed to the death penalty. It is inconsistent with the fundamental right to life.”

The UN Secretary General’s spokesperson, Stephane Dujarric, said: “We firmly continue to stand against the use of the death penalty and I think the public nature of these executions is particularly heinous.”

Meanwhile, in a statement, Amnesty International asked the caretaker government to stop all kinds of executions in the country, stating that the executions by the Islamic Emirate are an insult to human dignity and contradict all international laws.

The Islamic Emirate said that execution is a Sharia ruling and the Islamic system is obliged to implement it.

Hamdullah Fetrat, deputy spokesman of the Islamic Emirate, said: “Qisas (execution) is an Islamic and Sharia principle, and with the completion of Sharia, it is necessary for the Islamic system to implement, and after the implementation of Qisas and other principles, the amount of crimes will decrease and people will feel more secure.”

“Afghanistan is an Islamic country and execution is part of Islamic justice, it means that it is a right, and forgiveness is mentioned in the Qur’an along with Qisas,” said Tariq Farhadi, a political analyst.

The two people accused of murder were executed in Ghazni province on Thursday after the approval of the leader of the Islamic Emirate and the ruling of three courts.

Execution of Two People in Ghazni Sparks Intl Reactions
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Mujahid: Lack of Constitution Does Not Mean Legal Vacuum

“We are not in any legal vacuum, Islamic Sharia is a comprehensive law which specify duties for everyone,” said Zabiullah Mujahid.

The Islamic Emirate spokesperson said that the absence of a constitution does not mean there is a legal vacuum in the country.

Two and a half years of Islamic Emirate rule have passed without any constitution in the country, and the Islamic Emirate spokesman said that having a constitution is important; however, Islamic Sharia has specified everyone’s duty in the society.

“We are not in any legal vacuum, Islamic Sharia is a comprehensive law which specify duties for everyone,” said Zabiullah Mujahid.

Law experts on the other hand consider the establishment of a constitution the most important job of a government, adding that the absence of law will lead to inconsistent dealings with similar issues.

“Now, the rule of law might be ten kinds in ten districts of the country, it means people’s issues will be dealt with differently, which is indeed a legal vacuum. A government should have a single law applying to all,” said Muhammad Zaman Muzamel, a university lecturer.

“The constitution is mother of public laws. The constitution should be the source of other small laws in the country,” said Zakiullah Muhammadi, a university lecturer.

The Islamic Emirate has suspended Afghanistan’s previous constitution and said that they are working on a new one, but details of the process have not been made public yet.

Mujahid: Lack of Constitution Does Not Mean Legal Vacuum
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UN stresses ongoing support for women entrepreneurs in Afghanistan

Image/UNDP/X.

Written By: Tabasum Nasiry

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has stated that it has supported thousands of female entrepreneurs in Afghanistan over the past two years, emphasizing that this action contributes to empowering them.

On Wednesday, February 21, UNDP announced on its social media platform X that Kanni Wignaraja, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations and head of the developmental program for the Asia-Pacific region of the organization, has met with female entrepreneurs in Afghanistan.

The United Nations Development Programme has emphasized that it has supported thousands of female entrepreneurs in Afghanistan over the past two years, ultimately employing more women and creating a cycle of empowerment and opportunity for them.

Previously, the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) had announced the launch of a project aimed at empowering 75,000 female entrepreneurs in Afghanistan.

UNAMA, noting that women’s work strengthens Afghanistan’s economy, emphasized that the adaptation of these projects enables female entrepreneurs to manage businesses.

Meanwhile, UN agencies have consistently supported women’s investment in the country by launching programs that include supporting trade, providing training, and granting small loans.

At the same time, UN development programs have advocated for further support for women and girls in Afghanistan.

Friba, one of the women financially supported by the United Nations, stated in discussions with the organization that by establishing a small dairy office in a residential complex in Bamyan, she has created job opportunities for other women.

According to the United Nations Development Programme report, the ban on women’s work has adversely affected Afghanistan’s economy, dealing a blow of 600 million to one billion dollars to the country’s economy.

UN stresses ongoing support for women entrepreneurs in Afghanistan
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US State Dept, Boston University to Host Summit on Afghan Women

Boston University said that the summit will discuss strategies for investing in, empowering, and educating Afghan women and girls.

The US Department of State in cooperation with the Boston University will host the Alliance for Afghan Women’s Economic Resilience (AWER) Summit, on Tuesday, February 27, 2024, in Washington.

Boston University said in a statement that the summit will discuss strategies for investing in, empowering, and educating Afghan women and girls.

“The summit will consist of panel discussions focusing on various aspects of supporting Afghan women and girls, including education, employment, entrepreneurship, and holistic support systems. Participants will explore innovative partnerships and initiatives aimed at empowering Afghan women despite challenges posed by discriminatory policies,” the statement reads.

According to the statement, the event will feature speakers including Antony Blinken, US Secretary of State; Rina Amiri, US Special Envoy for Afghan Women, Girls, and Human Rights; and other leaders in the field.

Meanwhile, the Afghan Chamber of Commerce and Industry said it does not consider the summit beneficial without the “presence of Afghan women,” but it noted that more should be done for the growth of women’s business.

“We need more investments so that national and international factories come here and invest and Afghan women can be useful for the future of Afghanistan,” said Salma, the head of the Women’s Chamber of Commerce.

In the meantime, some businesswomen asked the government to pay attention to their challenges, especially in creating a specific bank for women in the country.

“Exhibitions should be held for them abroad and social opportunities should be created for them to take their raw materials outside the borders,” Ziba Rashid, a businesswoman told TOLOnews.

“Our demand is that an economic bank should be built for businesswomen, in which the Chamber of Industries has a share,” Floran Noorzai, another businesswomen told TOLOnews.

“Women in Afghanistan always engage in policy-making, advocating for and advancing gender equality, enhancing economic empowerment and resource accessibility, and contributing to the country’s GDP growth,” said Seiyar Qureshi, an economist.

Earlier, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry said that after the reestablishment of the Islamic Emirate in the country, over 1,000 women received work permits in the business sector.

US State Dept, Boston University to Host Summit on Afghan Women
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More than $400 million needed for Afghanistan to recover from October earthquake, UN says

 

ISLAMABAD (AP) — More than $400 million is needed for western Afghanistan to recover and rebuild after a devastating earthquake last October that killed around 2,000 people, the United Nations said Wednesday.

The magnitude 6.3 quake on Oct. 7, one of the most destructive in the country’s recent history, flattened entire villages in Herat province and also left thousands injured and homeless. Months on, survivors are still struggling to rebuild their lives.

In a new U.N. report, released together with the World Bank, the European Union and the Asian Development Bank, estimated there is “an urgent need for $402.9 million to support the critical recovery and reconstruction efforts in the province.”

The report said recovery strategies should prioritize restoring access to basic services and building earthquake-safe housing, especially for the most affected families. It said its assessment of the urgent needs relied on field data, publicly available information and remote analytics.

The report represents the first joint assessment since August 2021 and showcases an international resolve to address the needs of disaster-affected communities and support their recovery.

It surveyed some nine districts with roughly 2.2 million people and offers a detailed breakdown of the numbers affected, including categories such as pregnant women, infants and people with disabilities.

According to the report, the districts of Herat, Injil, and Zindajan were the hardest hit, with rural and vulnerable communities suffering the most.

“We are committed to not only addressing the immediate needs but ensuring a sustainable and resilient recovery for those affected by the earthquakes,” stated Indrika Ratwatte, the U.N. chief’s deputy representative and humanitarian coordinator.

“This tragedy presents an opportunity to rebuild stronger, more inclusive, and more resilient communities,” Ratwatte added.

Earthquakes are common in Afghanistan, where there are a number of fault lines and frequent movement among three nearby tectonic plates.

Afghans are still reeling from recent quakes, including the magnitude 6.5 earthquake last March that struck much of western Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan, and an earthquake that hit eastern Afghanistan in June 2022, flattening stone and mud-brick homes and killing at least 1,000 people.

More than $400 million needed for Afghanistan to recover from October earthquake, UN says
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Afghan opium’s big high

ÓSCAR GRANADOS

El Pais
Madrid

FEB 13, 2024

After the Taliban regime banned its cultivation for the second year, the price of opium poppy, which is used to produce heroin, reaches its highest level in two decades

The price of Afghan opium is skyrocketing. One kilogram of the poppies’ juice — the key ingredient of narcotic painkillers such as morphine and stronger derivatives like heroin — costs around $408 on the market. That is almost five times what it was in 2022, and marks its highest price in two decades. The cultivation ban imposed by the Taliban regime has had a major impact on opium poppy production in all regions of the mountainous country, which is located in the heart of Asia and was, until recently, the world’s leading supplier of the substance.

At the national level, according to estimates from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the area used for poppy cultivation decreased by 95.3% in 2023 (down from 233,000 hectares to 10,800 hectares). The drop has disrupted the country’s fragile economy, which seemed to have stabilized by the end of 2022 after its decline when the Taliban entered Kabul and took control of the country on August 15, 2021. “The ban has deprived millions of people of income,” says Kate Clark, co-director of Afghanistan Analysts Network, a non-profit organization. Although it was announced in April 2022, the veto was implemented in earnest beginning with the fall planting season of the same year, meaning that in 2023, it completed its first year in effect.

Prohibition has put pressure on a country where millions suffer from hunger, due to decades of armed conflict, corruption, political instability and now too, the effects of climate change, which have included severe droughts and freezing winter temperatures. “It has cost farmers more than $1 billion in lost revenue, not including losses related to the processing, trade and export of opiates,” explains William Byrd, senior expert on Afghanistan at the United States Institute of Peace, an independent agency. This is expected to have a negative effect on the country’s overall economy. Statistics regarding that subject are scarce and unreliable, and so far, there have been no details released on 2023 production. The World Bank, however, estimates that Afghan GDP declined by 21% in 2021 and by another 6% in 2022. The pace of the economy remained weak throughout the previous fiscal year and its outlook for 2024 is poor, given that opium continues to be banned and humanitarian aid is in decline, a consequence of the Taliban regime’s return.

“The economic effect of the ban has been somewhat mitigated by some stockpiles from previous harvests,” Byrd says. “But poor households in rural areas don’t have that cushion, and suffer more. As they run out, the macroeconomic impact will get worse,” he says. Since the late 1970s, opium has played a key role in the country, especially in rural areas. In 2022, it contributed one-third of the total value of national agricultural production, according to the UNODC. At the household level, its sale accounts for up to 50% of a family’s income. In some regions, it occupied a significant proportion of land. In Helmand, located in southern Afghanistan, the site of hundreds of murders nearly always carried out by the Taliban, one-fifth of the land under cultivation was devoted to opium poppy.

In some districts, the proportion was even higher and had displaced extremely important foodstuffs, such as wheat, U.N. sources says. That cereal is once again filling fields, as its germination cycle coincides with that of poppy. An analysis that focused on four provinces (Farah, Helmand, Kandahar and Nangarhar, which accounted for 74% of poppy production in 2022), suggested that approximately 68% of arable land had been replanted with grain. This means fewer resources. While a hectare of wheat sells for $770, a hectare of poppy generates around $10,000, according to a U.N. report. “Local agriculture is going through a real drama,” says José Miguel Calvillo, professor of International Relations at the Department of Political Science and Sociology of Complutense University of Madrid. “Whether we like it or not, the sale of opium is one of the main sources of income,” says Calvillo, author of the Spanish language book Afganistán: un conflicto permanente (Afghanistan: a permanent conflict).

The effects of the Taliban’s opium ban have even gone international. Afghan opium is used to produce 95% of the heroin consumed in Europe, according to Orzala Nemat, a research associate at Humanitarian Policy Group, in an article published by Chatham House, a London-based think tank. “The ban could lead to a global shortage, and it is unlikely that Myanmar, which is now the top producer of the opium poppy, and other countries, will be able to fill the gap in the short term,” say UNODC sources. The gap is significant. With the 2023 harvest, some 333 tons of opium have been generated, 94.6% less than a year earlier. This translates into less heroin: some 24 to 38 tons of the export grade semi-synthetic opiate (which features a purity of between 50% to 70%), which is a fraction of 2022′s numbers (between 350 and 580 tons).

A boost to fentanyl
Such a decline in production could lead to a reduction in purity or substitution of heroin with other substances in retail markets, some of which can be even more harmful, such as fentanyl, UNODC says. This is not the first time the Taliban have turned off the opium supply. They also banned poppy cultivation during their previous regime (1996-2001). That prohibition was similar to their current ban, though back then, farmers had sufficient stockpiles, which served to weather the situation and continue to answer demand for the illicit drug. Today, however, the amount of opium poppy and other opiates that remain stockpiled in farmers’ inventories is unknown. Continued seizures and field reports suggest that farmers and traders are depleting their stockpiles, according to the UNODC.

“The Afghan crisis is completely forgotten by the Western world,” Calvillo says. And that lack of attention could be exploited by criminal groups. “Reduced incomes along the Afghan opiate supply chain could stimulate alternative illicit activities, potentially leading to increased trafficking in other substances such as synthetic drugs like methamphetamine,” states the UNODC report.

Translated by Caitlin Donohue.

Afghan opium’s big high
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Afghanistan: Archaeological sites ‘bulldozed for looting’

By Kawoon Khamoosh
21 Feb 2024
BBC World Service
Getty Images Mound with remains of a tower on the top, Balkh, AfghanistanGetty Images
Balkh province is home to a wide range of archaeological sites

Dozens of archaeological sites in Afghanistan have been bulldozed to allow systematic looting, according to researchers at Chicago University.

They say their analysis of satellite photos provides the first definitive photographic evidence that looting patterns that began under the previous government have continued since the Taliban returned to power in 2021.

Ancient settlements dating back to the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age – some earlier than 1000BC – are among those they say have been damaged.

Most of the sites identified are in northern Afghanistan’s Balkh region, which more than two millennia ago was the heartland of Bactria.

It was one of the richest and most populous regions of ancient Afghanistan under the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th Century BC.

By 327BC, Alexander the Great had conquered the region and married a Bactrian woman named Roxana, after defeating the Achaemenid ruler.

Map graphic showing locations of sites identified by Chicago University researchers as bulldozed, most are clustered in the Balkh region west of Mazar-i-Sharif

Located on a major east-west Silk Route, the region’s central city Bactra – later called Balkh – has been a centre of both the Zoroastrian faith and Buddhist learning. It later became an important Islamic city.

The researchers from Chicago University’s Center for Cultural Heritage Preservation have identified more than 29,000 archaeological sites across Afghanistan, helped by satellite imagery and other tools.

But they spotted a new pattern in the Balkh region from 2018 onwards.

They say they have identified specks on the images that they are confident are bulldozers because of the way they appear and disappear over time, and the tracks they leave in their wake.

These freshly bulldozed areas then appear in later images, covered with pits dug by looters, Prof Gil Stein, the centre’s director explained.

“Basically, the people were clearing out vast areas to make it easier to loot the site systematically,” he told me.

Close up satellite image from 2020, annotated to show what Chicago University researchers have identified as bulldozer activity at an archaeological site in Balkh, Afghanistan
This image was sourced by the BBC and corresponds to a location and dates provided by the Chicago University researchers

His team say 162 ancient settlements were “devastated at an astonishing rate of one a week” between 2018 and 2021, and the practice continued at 37 sites after that, under the Taliban.

The researchers are not publishing the exact locations to avoid giving information to potential looters.

Work documenting many of the sites is in its early stages.

This means researchers simply don’t know what is buried in the sites, which are mainly mounds, fortresses, early roadside inns known as caravanserais and canal systems.

But only 97km (60 miles) away lies Tela Tepe, where a hoard of 2,000-year-old Bactrian gold was discovered in 1978.

The “Hill of Gold” contained 20,000 rare items including gold jewellery, an intricate crown and coins, dubbed the Lost Treasures of Afghanistan.

Getty Images A curator of the National Museum in Kabul with the golden crown found at Tela Tepe, on display in Amsterdam in 2007
An intricate crown was part of the hoard of 2,000-year-old Bactrian gold found at Tela Tepe

“You can unearth layers of a civilisation in each mound,” says Said Reza Huseini, a research fellow at Cambridge University.

Born in Balkh, he spent time in his 20s as a volunteer surveying archaeological sites in northern Afghanistan, including some of those the researchers say have been bulldozed. He was shocked to see the images from Chicago University.

“When I hear about it, I feel as if my soul is dying,” he said.

There are no clear answers about who is behind the apparent destruction.

Prof Stein says it is significant that the pattern began under the previous government – led by former President Ashraf Ghani – and continued under the Taliban.

Mr Ghani’s government was weak and did not have full control of some parts of the country.

Balkh, including northern Afghanistan’s largest city Mazar-i-Sharif, was among the first areas to fall to the Taliban before they captured the capital Kabul in August 2021.

Graphic showing satellite images of an archaeological site in Balkh, Afghanistan, showing what researchers say is evidence of bulldozing in April 2021 and pits dug by looters in October 2022

Prof Stein believes the sites may be being looted by people who are wealthy and powerful enough to be able to buy or rent earth-moving equipment, and to move it to rural areas “with nobody interfering”.

Mr Huseini says some archaeological sites in the area were being looted before he left the country in 2009.

“No-one could do excavations and digging without the permission of local strongmen and militias,” he told me.

“For them, the historic value is not important, they dig and destroy to see what they can find. I’ve seen it with my own eyes – they even used a soil sieve to check for stuff.”

He says he was once part of efforts to secure archaeological access to an ancient site where a militia commander was planting opium.

Back in 2001, the Taliban caused shock around the world when they blew up the 1,500-year-old Bamiyan Buddhas, once the largest standing Buddha statues in the world, during their first stint in power.

But when they returned two decades later, they said they would respect the country’s ancient heritage.

The Taliban’s acting deputy minister for information and culture, Atiqullah Azizi, rejected the claims that looting is taking place, saying an 800-strong unit has been assigned to look after historic sites.

He told the BBC some organisations had sent images to the ministry regarding “bulldozer movements and people moving soil” but said that “we sent various teams to check the sites and I can reassure you that there hasn’t been a single incident in any of those sites”.

Said Reza Huseini Said Reza Huseini at the Tepe Zargaran archaeological site in Balkh, 2007
Said Reza Huseini – pictured here in Balkh in 2007 – helped to survey archaeological sites in the area during his early career

The Taliban’s defence ministry also said three people were arrested in September, accused of trying to smuggle a stash of antiquities worth about $27m (£21.4), including statues, mummies, a golden crown, a book and swords.

It says the items were handed over to the national museum and the investigation is continuing.

I shared Mr Azizi’s response with Prof Stein.

He said he couldn’t speculate as to why he denied the looting claims, but added: “We can show there was continuity even across two very different political regimes.”

Prof Stein believes looted artefacts are smuggled out of Afghanistan through Iran, Pakistan and other countries and then end up in Europe, North America, and east Asia.

There is a chance some could be showcased, undated and untitled, in auctions and museums around the world.

He points out it is hard to track them down if they have never been catalogued, but he believes it is important to try – and to protect the locations where many more could be found.

“The heritage of Afghanistan is really part of world heritage and something that honestly belongs to all of us,” Prof Stein says.

Afghanistan: Archaeological sites ‘bulldozed for looting’
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